With the expansion of urbanization and the continuous increase in the number of motor vehicles, air pollution has become one of the most important environmental challenges worldwide. A significant portion of this pollution is caused by emissions from vehicle exhaust systems. During the fuel combustion process in engines, various compounds are produced, some of which have harmful effects on human health and the environment. Among the most important pollutants are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and