The evolution of Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) toward NDE 4.0 reflects the broader digital transformation of industrial inspections. Unlike Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), which focuses on specific inspection techniques to detect and measure defects, NDE is a more comprehensive discipline that integrates data collection, analysis, connectivity, and predictive modeling. NDE 4.0 emphasizes advanced sensors, automation, AI, and cloud-based platforms to transform inspection from a largely manual activity into a predictive, data-driven process. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) enhance Risk-Based Inspection

Additive manufacturing (AM) continues to transform aerospace and defense production, while introducing new inspection challenges that must be addressed to maintain strict safety and reliability standards. Complex geometries, internal channels, and unconventional defect types require nondestructive testing (NDT) methods capable of sensing, measuring, and validating components effectively and efficiently. As production volumes increase and part designs grow more intricate, inspection technologies are being pushed to deliver deeper insight without compromising speed or cost. Computed tomography (CT) is emerging as a