Introduction: Breaths in the Digital City Today’s cities are no longer just a collection of streets and buildings; they are complex networks of data, sensors, digital communications, and human life. Every day, millions of breaths flow through this space, and the quality of each breath depends on the environment, politics, and technology. As population density rises and vehicles and urban industries release smoke and pollutants into the air, the necessity of air pollution control is felt more than ever. In